Quartz crystal oscillators are electronic components that utilize the piezoelectric effect of quartz crystals to generate stable frequency signals. Through precise cutting into specific shapes and sizes, quartz crystal wafers can produce frequency signals with accuracy at the parts-per-million (ppm) level, characterized by high precision, stability, and reliability.
Acting as the "pacemaker" of electronic devices, quartz crystal oscillators provide stable and precise clock signals, ensuring seamless coordination among components. They are widely used in smart wearables, network communications, industrial control, automotive electronics, aerospace, and other fields.
Working Principle of Quartz Crystal Oscillators
The operation of quartz crystal oscillators is based on the renowned piezoelectric effect: when mechanical pressure is applied to a quartz crystal, it generates an electric charge on its surface, and conversely, when an electric field is applied across the crystal, it undergoes mechanical deformation. This reversible and stable conversion between electrical and mechanical energy allows the crystal to oscillate when subjected to an appropriate alternating voltage. Due to the inherent physical properties of quartz, the oscillation frequency is exceptionally stable, providing a reliable frequency reference for electronic devices.
Structure of Quartz Crystal Oscillators
Quartz crystal oscillators consist of precisely cut [quartz crystal wafers]paired with ceramic bases, metal covers, conductive adhesives, electrode plates, and ICs (only present in crystal oscillators).
uQuartz Crystal Wafer: Thin slices cut from high-purity quartz crystals at specific angles, available in circular, square, or rectangular shapes as needed.
uConductive Adhesive: A type of adhesive that exhibits conductivity after curing or drying, typically composed of base resin and conductive particles, offering both conductivity and shock resistance.
uElectrode Plate: Metal electrodes (e.g., gold or silver) plated on the surface of the quartz wafer for excellent conductivity.
uCeramic Base: A black ceramic substrate coated with a metal layer tightly bonded to the ceramic, known as ceramic metallization. Its superior insulation and thermal stability minimize frequency interference.
uMetal Cover: The outer shell, made of materials like metal, glass, bakelite, or plastic, available in cylindrical, tubular, rectangular, or square shapes.
uIC: Integrated circuits comprising micro-components such as transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Note: ICs are only present in [crystal oscillators], not in crystal resonators.
uSolder Pads: The soldering points (also called "pins") that connect the quartz crystal oscillator to other components (e.g., chips, capacitors, resistors) on the circuit board.
